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Wind-driven rain (WDR) is a weather phenomenon that occurs when wind forces rainwater into buildings, potentially causing disruption to building operations, mold growth and slipping hazards. In this paper, the Eulerian Multiphase (EM) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) windDrivenRainFoam solver, originally developed by A. Kubilay et al. (2013), and further modified for this study, was used to quantify the severity of rain penetration into naturally ventilated spaces. Firstly, a suitable set of wind speed parameters was established for WDR simulations. Based on the 1 min interval weather data obtained from Singapore Meteorological Stations, a multivariate probability distribution was formulated to characterize the rain climate of Singapore, including the use of a copula to account for the inter-dependence between wind and rain distributions. Secondly, rain protection performance of industrial façade and massing typologies were evaluated and analyzed using WDR simulations. The façade typologies, such as louvres, horizontal and vertical fins, and overhangs were analyzed in respect to their effectiveness to mitigate WDR in key naturally ventilated industrial spaces such as corridors, lift lobbies and Production Units. The massing typologies, such as courtyard and canyon arrangements, were likewise analyzed. Thirdly, the results from the analyses were used in the development of a design playbook for architects and consultants to attenuate and limit WDR to an acceptable level of entry to various types of naturally ventilated spaces.

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Wind Driven Rain Analysis for Effective Industrial Building Design in Singapore to Mitigate Rainwater Penetration

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Hee Joo Poh,
  • Cheng Hui Eng,
  • Raunak Tibrewala,
  • Ben Malin,
  • Kendrick Kai Huang Tan,
  • Kenneth Tung,
  • Wang Jian Honardy Rayawang,
  • Dominique Derome,
  • Jan Carmeliet,
  • Gabriel McGrane

摘要

Wind-driven rain (WDR) is a weather phenomenon that occurs when wind forces rainwater into buildings, potentially causing disruption to building operations, mold growth and slipping hazards. In this paper, the Eulerian Multiphase (EM) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) windDrivenRainFoam solver, originally developed by A. Kubilay et al. (2013), and further modified for this study, was used to quantify the severity of rain penetration into naturally ventilated spaces. Firstly, a suitable set of wind speed parameters was established for WDR simulations. Based on the 1 min interval weather data obtained from Singapore Meteorological Stations, a multivariate probability distribution was formulated to characterize the rain climate of Singapore, including the use of a copula to account for the inter-dependence between wind and rain distributions. Secondly, rain protection performance of industrial façade and massing typologies were evaluated and analyzed using WDR simulations. The façade typologies, such as louvres, horizontal and vertical fins, and overhangs were analyzed in respect to their effectiveness to mitigate WDR in key naturally ventilated industrial spaces such as corridors, lift lobbies and Production Units. The massing typologies, such as courtyard and canyon arrangements, were likewise analyzed. Thirdly, the results from the analyses were used in the development of a design playbook for architects and consultants to attenuate and limit WDR to an acceptable level of entry to various types of naturally ventilated spaces.