The Introduction to the Handbook of Ecological Civilization offers a comprehensive examination of the philosophical origins and evolution of the Chinese concept of Ecological Civilization, tracing its journey from early theoretical underpinnings to its formal adoption as a national strategy. The development of this concept is analyzed in a historical context, beginning with its philosophical roots and progressing through its academic formulation, official endorsement, and subsequent policy implementation. This analysis highlights the transformative role of Pan Yue’s eco-socialism and the influence of Xi Jinping Thought in shaping Ecological Civilization as an innovative model for sustainable development, emphasizing China’s commitment to reconciling economic growth with environmental stewardship. The introduction further explores the transition of Ecological Civilization from an intellectual concept to a central pillar of national governance, noting its growing significance within Chinese political discourse. It contrasts this model with the “America First!” agenda, a framework promoted during the Trump administration, which prioritized national sovereignty and economic interests over global environmental cooperation. The dialectical relationship between China’s Ecological Civilization and America First! is framed as a critical juncture in global environmental politics, offering competing visions for the future of sustainable development and international cooperation. By juxtaposing China’s vision of ecological harmony with the more inward-looking policies of the United States, this introduction sets the stage for an in-depth exploration of the global implications of these contrasting approaches to ecological governance.