In India’s long journey of development and growth, agriculture has played a critical but constraining role. Associated critically with socio-political stability, India’s agriculture still occupies large places in employment generation, food security and land use. Even with the self-sufficiency delivered by the Green Revolution (GR), Indian agriculture regularly deals with serious and often conflicting problems. Over time, as varied concerns challenged policy, agriculture also encountered new developments. The post-GR period was rich in insightful research and lively debates on the performances of agriculture, transitions in land use, regional disparities and assessments against other countries. In continuum and as a contribution to the discourse, this paper assimilates and presents a historical account of Indian agriculture, reinforced by an empirical study of contemporary times covering the base of GR in the Indo-Gangetic belt seeking to revisit the performance of Indian agriculture with updated perspectives.