Beginning in the late twentieth century, numerous achievements made in hepatobiliary surgery allowed for surgeons to pursue a number of innovative operations and overcome the limits of liver resection in a glorious fashion. However, a recent rise in humanistic and evidence-based medicine has compelled researchers to re-examine many of these aforementioned achievements. Currently, these disease-centered and technology-oriented biomedical models are in the midst of being replaced by patient-centered multimodality models, the idea being that only humanistic evidence-based decision-making and minimally invasive surgery can accurately represent modern surgery in the twenty-first century. This focus on patients’ overall health and quality of life has become the new concept and standard of surgical treatment. Simply pursuing a physical outcome of surgical treatment is no longer the ultimate goal of surgery. Instead, the evaluation of surgical quality has shifted from the simple emphasis on radical removal of lesions to the comprehensive consideration of “maximizing lesion removal, maximizing organ protection and minimizing trauma and invasiveness,” which in turn leads to seamless transitioning from the traditional empirical surgical model to the modern precision surgical model.