This paper presents the fault analysis of a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) system. Various faults such as LLLG fault, LLG fault, LL fault, LG fault are examined with the SMIB system. The main objective is to reduce rotor speed deviation and improve overall system stability. Different analysis have been carried out under various loading conditions which are heavy loading (HL), light loading (LL), and nominal loading (LL). Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) and power system stabilizer (PSS) are the two types of damping controllers used in SMIB systems. The ISCA (improved sine–cosine algorithm) has been introduced to tune the parameters of the SSSC and PSS. The proposed technique is implemented to stabilize the system and the result is compared with different fault and loading conditions. The result shows that the ISCA-tuned SSSC and PSS controller gives the superior result and suppresses the oscillation.