Apoptosis: A Controlled Cell’s Fate

One of the critical forms of controlled cell death is apoptosis, a complex process triggered by various external and internal stimuli. This process activates either the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways. The progression of each phase of apoptosis is significantly influenced by numerous factors, particularly the interaction networks of specific genes. Mitochondria, beyond their role as the cell’s powerhouse, are crucial in mediating the cellular response to internal signals, thus playing a central role in the intrinsic pathway. Furthermore, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as essential regulators, modulating the expression of genes vital to apoptotic pathways. Disruptions in these intricate mechanisms can lead to developing various diseases, highlighting the importance of understanding these processes in detail. Although extensive research has been conducted on apoptosis, there remains a significant gap in the literature for a comprehensive and current review. Therefore, our chapter aims to fill this gap by elucidating the mechanisms of apoptosis, focusing on the roles of genes, miRNAs, and mitochondria in this crucial cellular process.