Carbon steel is a commonly used metal material in machining, which has high surface quality requirements during its usage. The randomness of the shape, size and distribution of abrasive grains on the surface grinding wheel makes the analysis of the grinding process complex. To analyze the grinding process of abrasive grains effectively, a single abrasive grain force-heat coupling model is built using ABAQUS finite element calculation software. The built simulation model is uesd to analyze the influence of grinding temperature and residual stress depth under different processing conditions, and the experiments are conducted to validate the validity of the model. The results show that both the grinding temperature and residual stress depth of show an upward trend with the increase of grinding speed and grinding depth during the grinding process. In the grinding experiment, both the grinding temperature and surface roughness show an upward trend with the increase of grinding depth, the grinding temperature shows an upward trend with the increase of grinding speed, and the surface roughness of the workpiece shows a downward trend. The variation trend is consistent with the simulation results, and the simulation model could effectively simulate the grinding process.