Rising population and associated waste generation combined with limited land availability for waste management has made it essential to explore sustainable techniques for municipal solid waste (MSW) management. One of the many techniques for managing MSW in many economies is incineration, which in addition to waste destruction, also utilizes waste as fuel to recover energy. However, it is very important to identify the parameters affecting the performance of a solid waste incineration system as it can help us to optimize the incineration process, in terms of efficient waste destruction with energy recovery and minimization of environmental and economical impacts. This study aims to identify and comprehensively analyze the factors that affect the performance of a MSW incineration system, and to understand their implications on framing sustainable waste management strategies. It will be instrumental in the design and planning of an MSW incineration facility and highlighting the direction where focused efforts will lead to further improvement in its overall performance.