Introduction

Since 1956, China’s electrified railway has flourished. By the end of 2022, the total electrified railway operating mileage in China has surpassed 110,000 km. Among them, the operating mileage of high-speed railways (hereinafter referred to as HSR) has exceeded 42,000 km, which accounts for over two-thirds of the world's total operating mileage, ranking first globally [1]. China’s HSR has become the most remarkable “calling card” for China as it extends its influence globally [2].