To fulfil the increasing demand for edible oil, there is a critical need to either boost the productivity of oilseed crops or optimize the utilization of underutilized land by employing abiotic stress-tolerant varieties. Traditional breeding methods and diverse germplasms can potentially improve productivity and yield. However, they face challenges due to the quantitative nature of inheritance and the complexity of abiotic stress tolerance. Successful transfer of stress-tolerant genes through conventional breeding relies on sufficient genetic variability and unhindered crossbreeding. Yet, the germplasm of most oilseed crops exhibits limited genetic variability for drought and salt stress, further compounded by reproductive barriers. Drought and soil salinity are the primary abiotic stressors, underscoring the urgency to develop crop varieties and hybrids resilient to prolonged stress while sustaining high levels of yield and productivity. Advanced breeding techniques, such as molecular methods, offer substantial promise for creating stress-tolerant crop varieties. Research plays a pivotal role in addressing the challenges of modern agriculture sustainably and positively. This chapter underscores the significance of abiotic stresses, particularly drought and salinity, the availability and utilization of genetic resources at both international and national levels, registered genetic stocks with NBPGR, New Delhi, sources of abiotic stress tolerance, notable achievements in conventional breeding, and cutting-edge genetic engineering techniques like genome editing (CRISPR/Cas9), RNA interference, and gene stacking, all of which hold potential for developing stress-tolerant oilseed varieties. Additionally, this chapter will explore the role of omics technologies-including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics-in deciphering the intricate regulatory networks involved in stress tolerance.