The global demand for vegetable oils has surged in recent years due to population growth, dietary shifts, and increased industrial usage. Statista data reveals a substantial rise in global vegetable oil production, reaching 217 million tons in 2023–2024, with oil palm and soybean dominating the market, contributing to nearly 68% of total production. However, the oilseed industry is not confined to these two species alone. Seven key species, including rapeseed, cotton, sunflower, peanut, and copra, alongside oil palm and soybean, constitute the backbone of the oilseed economy. Additionally, there is a diverse array of perennial species offering potential for oilseed diversification, although not all are suitable for consumption due to undesirable compounds. Meeting the escalating demand for vegetable oils necessitates a multifaceted approach, blending diversification with efforts to enhance the oil content of commercially cultivated crops. Biotechnological tools, coupled with bioinformatics resources, play a pivotal role in exploring genetic diversity and improving traits in oilseed crops. Understanding the genetic architecture and molecular mechanisms underlying key traits is crucial for informed crop improvement strategies. Integration of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data provides deeper insights into trait variation and inheritance patterns, facilitating the identification of genes and molecular pathways associated with desirable traits. This chapter provides an overview of recent genetic and genomic advancements in primary oilseed crops, alongside emerging resources for regionally grown varieties. It underscores the significance of bioinformatics in accelerating genetic enhancement efforts and maximizing the potential of genomic data for global oilseed crop improvement.