Epistaxis
摘要
Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, is a common presentation in primary care, ranging from mild, self-limiting episodes to severe, life-threatening hemorrhages. This chapter offers a comprehensive, primary care–focused overview of epistaxis, covering its etiology, clinical evaluation, and management. Key topics include differentiating anterior from posterior bleeds, identifying underlying causes such as local trauma, systemic diseases, or medication effects, and recognizing red flags that require specialist referral. Practical guidance is provided on first-line interventions, including nasal compression and cautery, as well as nasal packing and adjunctive therapies. Emphasis is placed on patient education, prevention, and a multidisciplinary approach to complex cases—equipping family physicians with the skills needed for effective management in primary care.