Accurate identification and management of valvular heart disease require a systematic, guideline-based approach. This chapter outlines a step-by-step assessment informed by the latest clinical evidence.

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Valvular Heart Diseases

  • Kong Poi Keong,
  • Yogarabindranath Swarna Nantha

摘要

Accurate identification and management of valvular heart disease require a systematic, guideline-based approach. This chapter outlines a step-by-step assessment informed by the latest clinical evidence.