Second Tier: Japan’s Security Multilateralism in East Asia–Pacific

MultilateralismMultilateralism encompasses formal organizations, institutions, ad hoc arrangements, international lawInternational law, and regimes, collectively shaping the international rules-based order. It hinges on the importance of established rules, inclusivity among involved parties, and voluntary cooperation that is institutionalized to some degree (Ruggie, International Organization 3:561–598, 1992, 567–568; Bouchard and Peterson, Mercury 1:1–40, 2011, 6). (Keohane, International Journal 4:731–764, 1990), 731) defines multilateralismMultilateralism as “the practice of coordinating national policies in groups of three or more states.” According to (Krasner, International Regimes, Cornell University Press, 1983), international regimes are “implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors’ expectations converge in a given area of international relations.”