In materials science, structure refers to the characteristics of constituent particles within a substance, including their types, sizes, shapes, and their spatial configurations such as bonding, coordination, symmetry, distribution, arrangement, and assembly. The spatial framework is typically three-dimensional, though it may also encompass one-dimensional structures (such as fibrous) or two-dimensional structures (such as layered or sheet-like). The particles of minerals mainly include elements, ions, atoms, molecules, coordination polyhedra, unit cells, grain boundaries, and magnetic domains. For mineral materials, the particle constituents additionally encompass minerals, phases, voids, pores, and porosity (Wang 2021a).