The CEFR-Focused Action Research Model (CARM)

This chapter first examines various Acton Research models, including Burns (2010), Kemmis and McTaggart (1988), Mertler (2020), Mills (2018) and Smith and Rebolledo (2022). It discusses some differences amongst the models and essential features common to them, particularly expected rigor in the research. Then, the chapter proposes the CEFR-focused Action Research Model (CARM) and explains essential steps to be undertaken in each stage of the model. The CARM consists of three stages, differing from most of the previous models which comprise four stages with an independent Reflection stage at the final stage of the action research. The CARM considers reflection as an integral part of every stage of action research.