CEFR, CARM, Collaboration: Reflecting on the Project

Through this project, the underlying goal was to encourage teacher-researchers to examine their classrooms in order to improve their teaching and assessment practices and support student learning. The focus of this examination was to be provided by the CEFR (COE 2001, 2020), centered around the Action-oriented Approach and the view of learners as social agents, as well as key CEFR concepts and resources, such as the reference levels, illustrative scales and the European Language Portfolio (See Sect.  1.2 ). Furthermore, these research projects were to be guided by our CEFR implementation guide (Nagai et al. 2020), the literature on action research, and the CEFR-focused AR Model (CARM) in particular (See Chap. 2 ). Project implementation was to be supported through various workshops meant to facilitate collaboration.