Role of Next-Generation Sequencing for the Improvement of Legume Crops

Legumes rank among the most significant food sources worldwide after cereals and serve as a major source of protein in plant-based diets. These crops are vital for sustainable agriculture due to their ability to thrive in challenging environments while requiring only limited external inputs. Additionally, their role in biological nitrogen (N₂) fixation enhances soil fertility, supporting food security. However, their productivity is severely challenged by various abiotic stress factors, most notably drought, salinity, and extreme temperature conditions. The latest developments in sequencing techniques (next-generation sequencing) and high-throughput genotyping have revolutionized legume genomics. Genome sequencing and resequencing have enabled large-scale identification of genetic variations, improving marker-trait associations and molecular breeding efforts. These advancements have led to the cultivation of stress-resistant cultivars, including enhanced chickpea and groundnut varieties. The integration of genomics-based breeding and decision-support tools is crucial for accelerating legume improvement, particularly in resource-limited regions. Hence, this chapter highlights the transformative impact of NGS on legume breeding and offers solutions for food security and sustainable agriculture.