How to identify morphemes written as 的 de？ The answer is that it can be done either by separation or unification. Whichever approach is adopted, they should consider similarities and differences of grammatical functionsFunction when analyzing the morphemic identity of de. Another related, yet different, question pertains to orthography: how to choose between de (的) and de (地)De (地)? Zhu Dexi (朱德熙, Zhu 1961) is a pioneer in proposing to regard de as three different morphemes. However, he restricts its use to de (的) in place of de (地)De (地), except when it occurs in quotations. Zhu (1982), Huang Guoying (黄国营, Huang 1982), Shen Jiaxuan (沈家煊, Shen 2016), and Wan Quan (完权, Wan 2018) also adheres to this principle.