The world has entered the era of the fourth industrial revolution, and China has become the leader and main practitioner of the innovative green modernization. China’s basic national conditions determine the path of modernization with Chinese characteristics, and at the same time determine that the realization of the path of modernization with Chinese characteristics must choose green modernization, that is, a modernization in which man and nature can coexist harmoniously. The three sources of China’s green modernization development theory are the ancient Chinese traditional wisdom of “Man is an integral part of nature,” the Marxist dialectics of nature, and contemporary sustainable development theory, which constitute the theoretical basis for the modernization of harmonious coexistence between man and nature. Based on the national Twelfth Five-Year Plan, Thirteenth Five-Year Plan and third-party assessments, this work explains the theoretical innovation seen in and major progress of China’s efforts to build the modernization of harmonious coexistence between man and nature. It also expounds that among the larger countries of the world, China has embarked on a path of civilized development featuring production development, an affluent life, and solid ecology—allowing China to achieve historic, watershed, and overall green development. On this basis, this work gives a prospect of the goals and basic trends of the green modernization with Chinese characteristics in 2035. The green modernization with Chinese characteristics is a modernization that shares its development and destiny with mankind. It is a modernization that conforms to China’s national conditions and adapts to the new stage of development. It also provides valuable experience for other developing countries to explore a new path to modernization.