The electrochemical determination of medicinal compounds at the nanomolar level is becoming increasingly important in fields such as medicinal research, food manufacturing, and environmental protection. This work presents an overview of the utilization of electrochemical sensors (ECS) for detecting medicinal compounds at low concentrations. Accurate detection of these compounds is crucial for human healthcare and animal welfare. ECS offer high sensitivity, selectivity, and simplicity, making them a promising tool for this purpose. Recent advancements in electrode surface modification using nanomaterials (NMs) have further enhanced the detection of medicinal compounds. This abstract categorizes medicinal compounds based on their electrochemical detection properties and discusses various electrodes modification. It emphasizes the importance of nanomaterial-based modifications for developing highly sensitive and selective ECS. Various nanomaterials, including metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-metal nanocomposites, graphene oxide, graphene, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, have been applied for electrode modifications. Overall, the electrochemical determination of medicinal compounds at the nanomolar level has significant implications for various applications. By utilizing ECS and nanomaterial-based modifications, the sensitivity and selectivity of medicinal compound detection can be improved. Further research and development in this field will advance the capabilities of electrochemical sensors for analyzing medicinal compounds.