The problems of diagnosing and controlling the spread of viral infectious diseases have recently become extremely relevant due to the increasing scale of human migration and the real threat of the deliberate use of microbiological agents for terrorist purposes. Effective fight against viral infectious diseases requires a quick and reliable diagnosis; the main difficulty of early diagnosis is that most infectious diseases have a similar clinical manifestation and for correct diagnosis laboratory methods are needed. Recent advances in nanobiotechnology have made it possible to develop sensor systems that make it possible to diagnose infections in a short time. Due to their high specificity and sensitivity, such systems have found wide application in the screening of viral infectious diseases. This chapter has comprehensively summarized the role system of sensors including nanobiosensors for the detection and diagnosis of viral infections. Overall, this chapter provides insights into the advantages and disadvantages of the currently developed methods in articles for the diagnosis of viral infections, bringing inspiration and suggestions for their future design and use in clinical applications.