Conclusion

This chapter reveals that resilience and its processes have personal and social bases simultaneously explicable by the analytical-functionalist framework. The personal bases are evident in the resilience process, with resilience belief successively generating resilience learning, resilience action, and resilience feeling. Moreover, the personal bases are demonstrable in the contributions of the practical bases of hardening and softening to resilience. Other personal factors affect resilience, including marriage, earnings, extraversion, kindness, and functional disability. Meanwhile, the social bases are evident in the influences of caring, peace, violence, pragmatism, and social exclusion experienced in society. Moreover, kindness, sociability, social inclusion, and social capital experienced interpersonally testify to the significance of social bases. The simultaneous influences of personal and social factors thus dispel the suspicion that social factors exert predominant influences on resilience and its processes. Hence, resilience is personally developable, notably through the personal practices of hardening and softening. Nevertheless, social factors such as social capital, caring, and social exclusion in society also exerted enormous influences on resilience. For the pupil, ritualistic and other social activities develop resilience. Voluntaristic and deterministic mechanisms for the functions of goal attainment, integration, and latency are, therefore, particularly influential on resilience.