Findings on the social organisation of Asian elephants from a long-term study of individually identified elephants in Nagarahole and Bandipur National Parks (Kabini elephant population), southern India, are summarised here. First, female social structure, genetic relatedness and associations of females, dominance relationships and tests of socioecological theory, relating food resources and agonism within and between groups, are described. We then mention the work on differences in female social structure and group sizes in the presence and absence of calves and move on to the development of calf behaviour and interactions between calves and female conspecifics in the context of allomothering. Finally, we summarise male social organisation, describing the social structure of adults and subadult males, dominance relationships between males, the effect of musth on associations and dominance, and subadult male associations and dispersal.