Determining Optimal Energy Combination and Storage Module of EV Charging Station Based on Techno-economic and Social Parameters

High population growth and development in the living standard of people have played a role in higher demand for personal vehicles. Pollution from internal combustion engine vehicles is alarming. Electric vehicles are replacing these vehicles and are emerging as a potential option for sustainable transportation. Steady growth of electric vehicles increases the daily energy consumption for charging batteries of these vehicles. Charging electric vehicles through the central grid poses significant challenges to grid stability. The study aims to design a sustainable decentralized hybrid energy system for EV charging stations using renewable electricity. It compared two storage modules for the energy island for EV charging. The study performs techno-economic optimization and social impact assessment of different renewable energy combinations to obtain an overall sustainable solution. According to the result, the photovoltaic–wind–DG–lithium-ion combination is optimal with an electricity cost of $0.2035/kWh, human development index of 1.235, and job creation factor of 0.127. This confirms that the lithium-ion battery is better for the energy island in terms of techno-economic and social parameters.