The burden to public health of diseases and deaths linked to environmental contamination is evolving as a worldwide challenge. Industries and natural and artificial human activities are the key contributors to generating ecological contaminants in wastewater, microplastics, pathogenic contaminants, electronic waste (e-waste), etc. These contaminants contain a plethora of hazardous organic groups, synthetic chemicals, heavy metals, and so on. The term emerging contaminants includes chemical or biological contaminants without a clearly defined regulatory status. They are often substances, not necessarily of new use, but newly identified, for which data concerning their presence, their fate in the environment, and their potential impacts on health or the environment are patchy. Among the emerging pollutants are, in particular, pharmaceuticals subject or not to medical prescription (antibiotics, hormones, illicit drugs, etc.) for human or veterinary use, products for daily use (personal care products, cosmetics, detergents, disinfectants, antioxidants, etc.), products of industrial origin (surfactants, additives, solvents, flame retardants, nanoparticles, etc.), pesticides, and pathogens. Their generation has raised a serious concern in recent years because of their potential threats and continuous output. Often, the level of exposure to these contaminants is unknown and the lack of monitoring makes it difficult to select further treatment methods. The cumulative exposure and long latency period of these materials create hurdles in separating the contaminants from the environment. To overcome this serious problem, the microbial remediation can be employed. The contaminations of the microorganisms to lower the bioavailability of pollutants (especially organic contaminants) so as to make less toxic to the ecosystem. These microorganismsMicroorganisms are capable to break down (or metabolize) contaminants by using them as a food source. The existing methods to determine the contaminants quantitatively are sophisticated and bulky. Hence, researchers are developing new generations of sensors for the analytical estimation of the contaminants.