Heavy metal(loid)s and radionuclides are released into the environment by natural and anthropogenic activities. These contaminants have toxic effects on living organisms and human health. Therefore, finding a practical solution for eliminating and detoxifying these pollutants is of great importance. Over the past decades, several removal strategies have been proposed to address these environmental issues; however, biological-based methods, as low-cost, eco-friendly, and versatile technologies, have gained much attention among scientists. In this chapter, we discussed various bioremediation strategies including biotransformation, phytoremediation, and biotransformation. In addition, we investigated recent technologies, such as omics applications, nanotechnology, genetically modified plants and microorganisms, and bioreactors as well as their mechanism of interactions with toxic contaminants to better understand the processes involved in biological detoxification. Understanding these biological techniques, their efficiency and the mechanism of interactions would help us find practical solutions for removing such hazardous pollutants from the environment.