Effect of Gold Nanoparticles on Seed Germination, Plant Growth, and Plant Protection

Nanotechnology has emerged as a revolutionary force in the realm of agriculture, presenting inventive solutions to elevate plant performance and alleviate a variety of stressors. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), distinguished by their distinctive physico-chemical properties, have gained considerable attention due to their potential role in modulating plant responses. They have the capacity to influence growth, optimize production, and offer protection against challenges posed by biotic stressors. The impact of AuNPs on plants spans various processes, including seed germination, photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidant system activity, and the expression of genes crucial for plant function under both optimal and adverse conditions. It is noteworthy that these influences and growth enhancement effects exhibit variability across different plant species. Research indicates that factors such as dosage, size, shape, surface charge, and capping agent significantly influence the uptake, translocation, distribution, and growth enhancement effects of AuNPs in plants. This chapter delves into the intricate interactions between gold nanoparticles and plants, elucidating the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the diverse outcomes observed. The discussion extends to the impact of AuNPs on plant growth and development, emphasizing their potential to enhance nutrient uptake and facilitate targeted delivery, thereby augmenting plant productivity and yield. Furthermore, the influence of gold nanoparticles on the plant's defense mechanisms against pathogens and pests is thoroughly investigated. AuNPs exhibit promising antimicrobial and antifungal properties, presenting an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional pesticides. The multifaceted nature of these interactions highlights the potential of gold nanoparticles to revolutionize agricultural practices and contribute to sustainable and eco-friendly crop management.