A Survey of Proximity and Range Sensing Technologies for Reliable Distance Estimation

This comprehensive survey explores four prominent distance sensing technologies: Radar Sensor, Ultrasonic, Infrared (IR), and Lidar sensors. Each of these sensor types operates on distinct principles, offering unique advantages and applications that are invaluable across industries. Radar sensors provide exceptional precision by utilizing radio waves to detect objects’ distances and velocities, making them indispensable for applications like automotive radar systems, weather monitoring, aviation, and maritime navigation. Ultrasonic sensors offer cost-effective versatility through ultrasonic sound wave reflections, finding utility in robotics, automation, object detection, and parking systems. IR sensors leverage infrared radiation to enhance motion detection and proximity sensing, playing a pivotal role in security, lighting control, and HVAC systems (Heat, Ventilation and Air Conditioning systems). Lidar sensors, utilizing laser technology, meticulously measure distances and create intricate 3D maps for forestry, environmental monitoring, archaeology, and urban planning. A comparative table encapsulates each sensor's attributes and applications, facilitating informed decisions by researchers and engineers. The survey also addresses forthcoming challenges and advancements in distance sensing technology, offering a glimpse into the field's future developments.