Bridges are subjected to various dynamic effects during the passage of vehicles. The resulting response of bridge depends on various parameters like loading, speed of vehicle, rail irregularities, etc. Usually, design of bridges is performed using impact factors which are provided in different standards. There is a constant demand to increase loading and speed, leading to increased bridge response. Dynamic effects calculated using impact factor may not be capable of predicting the exact response in such situations. A detailed Vehicle–Bridge Interaction study allows for the reliable prediction of the bridge’s dynamic response by considering the effect of various parameters. In this work, the response of a simply supported beam is evaluated using two vehicle models; Moving Load and Moving Mass. Initially, mode superposition technique is used for the analysis. Further, finite element analysis will be performed and a parametric study is conducted to understand the effect of loading, speed and damping on bridge response. The structure’s response is found to vary significantly with loading and speed. Also, the bridge’s dynamic characteristics changes as a vehicle moves over the bridge. While a moving mass model can represent this change in response, a moving load model cannot. Conventional mode superposition method could accurately predict the beam response due to moving load, but it cannot be used for moving mass. The present study will help to accurately assess the dynamic effects on bridges, which further can be used in developing analytical formulations by including the critical dynamic interaction parameters.