A Comprehensive Survey of 3D Modulation Schemes for Energy-Efficient Wireless Communication System

As demand for high data rates, energy efficiency, low latency, and dependable connectivity in numerous application domains grows, wireless communication has made significant strides in recent years. Modulation techniques, which are crucial in determining the capacity and effectiveness of wireless communication networks, are one of the key elements driving these improvements. Wireless communication has long been based on conventional two-dimensional modulation techniques. However, a paradigm shift toward three-dimensional modulation techniques has drawn a lot of attention in order to fulfill the constantly expanding demands of contemporary wireless networks. These 3D modulation techniques make use of amplitude, phase, and the newly discovered polarization dimension to increase spectral efficiency and channel resilience, which also improves the performance of the receiver in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER). This work presents a comprehensive survey of 3D modulation schemes used in wireless communication, 5G, and beyond.