Simulation Study of Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Using the Equivalent Circuit Model Approach with Passive Balancing

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries find extensive application across various industries owing to their exceptional energy density and efficiency. However, these batteries are susceptible to cell-to-cell voltage variations, which can lead to capacity degradation, reduced overall performance, and safety risks. To address this issue, passive balancing techniques have emerged as an effective means to mitigate voltage imbalances within a battery pack. Passive balancing is a cost-effective and efficient technique employed to address these imbalances without the need for active control circuitry. The battery management system (BMS) employs the passive balancing technique for the Li-ion battery pack utilizing the bleed charge resistor approach. In this paper, a 3S-1P Li-ion battery pack is taken using the Constant-Current–Current–Voltage (CC-CV) charging method. The parameters like voltage, current, state of charge (SOC), and temperature of 3-RC equivalent circuit model (ECM) with passive balancing are studied using MATLAB/ SIMULINK.