Understanding Pathophysiological Changes of Stroke: Genetic and Racial Factors for Stroke

Stroke is the leading cause of disabilities and cognitive deficits, accounting for 5.2% of all mortalities worldwide. Transient or permanent occlusion of cerebral vessels leads to ischemic strokes, which constitutes most strokes. Ischemic strokes induce brain infarcts, along with cerebral tissue death and focal neuronal damage. Stroke remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, with its pathophysiology influenced by a complex interplay of genetic and racial factors. This chapter aims to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying stroke development and progression, focusing on the roles played by genetic variations and racial disparities. Through an extensive examination of current literature, we explore genetic polymorphisms associated with stroke susceptibility, severity, and outcomes, encompassing genes involved in vascular function, inflammation, thrombosis, and neuronal integrity. Furthermore, we delve into the impact of racial and ethnic backgrounds on stroke risk, prognosis, and response to treatment, highlighting disparities in incidence, prevalence, and healthcare access. By integrating insights from genetics and race, this review seeks to enhance our understanding of stroke pathophysiology, inform targeted prevention strategies, and promote equitable healthcare delivery for all populations.