Coral Aquaculture: A Review of In Situ and Ex Situ Culture Systems, Conditions, Applications, and Challenges

Coral reefs serve as vital ecosystems, playing a crucial role in supporting diverse marine life and sustaining human livelihoods. However, human-induced pressures and climate change disturbances have led to coral decline, necessitating concerted efforts and innovative solutions. Coral aquaculture, also known as coral farming or coral gardening, has emerged as a focal point in marine conservation initiatives, aiming to reduce the growing threats to coral reefs worldwide. Innovative techniques in coral aquaculture encompass both in situ and ex situ cultivation methods. In situ coral aquaculture involves cultivating corals within their natural habitats to enhance coral cover and health conditions. Conversely, ex situ coral aquaculture entails controlled coral cultivation in aquarium environments, aiming to optimize coral production. This industry has evolved into large-scale systems, meeting the demands of various sectors, including marine aquariums, pharmaceuticals, and reef restorations. The applications of coral aquaculture extend beyond environmental conservation, contributing significantly to economic growth by generating employment opportunities for the local communities. Additionally, the diverse array of secondary bioactive metabolites found within corals has led to the discovery of novel drugs, enhancing the pharmaceutical industry. Despite its promising potential, coral aquaculture faces challenges such as sediment impact from dredging activities as well as various types of emerging diseases and compromised health. By exploring these aspects, the review emphasizes the potential for coral aquaculture to make a sustainable contribution to both marine conservation and human being.