Functionalization of Biochar for Catalysis

Biochar is a low-cost carbon-rich material derived from the thermochemical degradation of biomass, with a large surface area and tailored surface functional groups through activation and functionalization. This versatility makes biochar a valuable catalyst and catalyst support for various chemical methods. Furthermore, biochar can be enhanced through the addition of surface functional groups to optimize its performance for specific reactions. This chapter covers the necessity, applications, sources, functionalization, and benefits of biochar. It also explores different activation methods, both physical and chemical, such as steam, carbon dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, potassium hydroxide, and zinc chloride activation. Additionally, the chapter provides a comprehensive explanation of biochar functionalization through the introduction of metals, non-metals, and polymers. Subsequently, it explores the specific utilization of biochar-based catalysts in biomass hydrolysis, which involves using biochar-based solid acids to perform biomass isomerization and dehydration while also employing biochars as catalyst supports for rehydration.