Miniaturized Electrochemical Sensors to Facilitate Liquid Biopsy for the Detection of Circulating Tumor Markers

Miniaturized sensors to facilitate liquid biopsy for early cancer detection and monitoring the disease progression have been unprecedentedly advanced in the recent years, among which electrochemical sensors offer advantages with their features such as simplicity, fast response, low cost, and capability for miniaturization. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of recent advances in using miniaturized electrochemical sensors for the detection of circulating tumor markers, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating nucleic acids (cNAs), and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Representative examples will be given for each marker based on different electrochemical approaches, and combination of electrochemistry with other technologies and strategies will be shown.