Hyaluronic Acid Filler Analysis: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

In this chapter, we will discuss about the crosslinker in hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers, which is known for a possible cause of delayed inflammatory reactions. HA filler is composed of HA and a crosslinker, usually 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE). However, not all the BDDE crosslinks between the two HA chains occur optimally. Improperly crosslinked BDDE can be detected by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the results are described in this chapter.