Evolution of Civilian Protection Norms

 This chapter examines the concept of civilians and the evolution of civilian protection norms. To this end, it analyzes the changing perception of civilians throughout the history of war. Prior to World War II, civilians were perceived as both vulnerable and as potential guerrillas resisting military occupation. However, during World War II, with the Nazi German occupation and large-scale bombing of urban areas, civilians were redefined as subjects that should be actively protected. Then, in 1949, the Fourth Geneva Convention was created, and civilian protection norms were codified. In it, civilians were categorized as entities to be protected, with conditions attached, in situations such as occupation, aerial bombing, and civil war.