Antioxidants and Traumatic Brain Injury

This chapter investigates the relationship between oxidative stress and traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathophysiology, with a focus on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals. It describes antioxidants’ protective potential, classifying them as enzymatic or nonenzymatic, and delineating their modes of action in scavenging, repairing, and avoiding oxidative damage. Neuroprotective antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine, Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA), vitamins C and E, glutathione, and melatonin are mentioned. The abstract emphasizes their involvement in cellular component stabilization, neural damage prevention, and cell survival. TBI’s effect on the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the ability of antioxidants to preserve BBB integrity via anti-inflammatory effects are investigated. Endogenous antioxidant mechanisms are enhanced, and exogenous antioxidants are used to boost these defenses. The chapter dives into antioxidants’ control of apoptosis pathways, avoiding excessive cell death and assisting in tissue healing. Furthermore, it investigates research indicating antioxidants’ protective benefits against cognitive decline and neurological abnormalities linked with TBI, stressing their potential for brain plasticity and cognitive function recovery. Finally, the notion of combining antioxidants with other medications and adapting interventions to specific patient needs is reviewed, providing a thorough overview of antioxidants in TBI and prospective research options.