Extracellular Vesicles in Regenerative Medicines

Regaining or restoring the normal functioning of organs and tissue that have been impaired or destroyed is the primary objective of regenerative medicine. To do this, several therapeutic techniques are now being investigated. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particularly appealing from the perspective of regenerative medicine since they can overcome the drawbacks of many traditional cell treatments such as stem cell therapy, islet cell transplantation, chondrocyte transplantation, and cardiomyocyte transplantation to name a few and can be tailored based on the intended function by numerous technical alterations. EVs are biological nanoscale vesicles that all living things spontaneously release, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They serve as a means for interaction between cells and their surroundings. EVs are primarily endosomal in origin and carry proteins, miRNA, and mRNA from their point of origin to the target sites. EVs facilitate cell–cell communication and involve multiple processes, such as immunological signaling, angiogenesis, stress response, senescence, proliferation, and cell differentiation. With a lower chance of host rejection or unfavorable consequences, these EVs have the potential to function as cell-free agents in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM), encouraging tissue regeneration and repair. In this chapter, we elucidate how EVs are used in regenerative medicine and its related potential applications.