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Prior to the First Opium War (AD 1840–1842), China continually perceived itself as the epicenter of the world, with all areas outside its boarder deemed as barbaric states. Other civilizations were not considered as its equals and its relationships with surrounding vassal states were governed by a tribute system.

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The Spread of Western Law to the East and the New Policies in the Late Qing Dynasty

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Xin Nie

摘要

Prior to the First Opium War (AD 1840–1842), China continually perceived itself as the epicenter of the world, with all areas outside its boarder deemed as barbaric states. Other civilizations were not considered as its equals and its relationships with surrounding vassal states were governed by a tribute system.