Implementation of 3D and 4D Printing in Dental Applications and Future Opportunities
摘要
4D Printing is a cutting-edge process that enables the precise and quick mechanization of plastic and metal components. Using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique, dentists can design and print surgical components such as drill guides, temporary and permanent crowns and bridges, orthodontic appliances and orthotics, implants, drug delivery mouth guards, and many more. Numerous 4D printing technologies for dental applications are reviewed in the current study, together with an assessment of the available printing supplies. To encourage readers to rejoice in the development of 4D printing in dentistry, recent scientific articles on the usage of these printed platforms are emphasized. Three-dimensional printing is a four-decade-old industrial method that is rapidly progressing. The technology deviates from typical subtractive manufacturing concepts and is now employed in a range of fields spanning from aerospace to personalized medicine and dentistry. This method is a feasible technique for building self-growing robots since it enables for the fast synthesis of custom-based intricate elements. Stereo-lithography, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, inkjet printing, photopolymer jetting, and powder binder printing are examples of such technologies. Polymers, composites, ceramics, and metal alloys are among the materials utilized in additive manufacturing. The use of 3D printing into numerous elements of modern dentistry has enabled the creation of advanced prosthodontic, orthodontic, and surgical equipment that necessitate the use of flexible molding materials and abrasion resistant. Recent advances in 3D printable smart materials have resulted in 4D printing, the next generation of “dimensional printing.” 4D printing combines 3D printing with time as a fourth dimension. This sort of printing platform produces pre-programmable bio-objects that change shape in response to their surroundings. As a result of the recent expiration of the initial patents, companies are introducing and expanding their technologies. With 3D and 4D printing increasingly becoming a production and prototyping option in dentistry, the purpose of this study is to investigate, explain, and assess the various 3D printing methods that have been used to create dental biomaterials. Readers will also learn about the uses for these 3D printed platforms.