Infrastructure is a fundamental driver of urban development and has a profound impact on the attainment of sustainable development goals (SDGs). This research delves into the intricate relationship between urban infrastructure and the 17 SDGs in the context of Bangkok, Thailand. Building upon previous studies, we employed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to unveil latent structures connecting infrastructure and the overarching aspirations of the SDGs. The study's objective was to identify inherent structures that shed light on potential synergies and trade-offs within the urban context. Our findings revealed four latent factors of infrastructure, including infrastructure and safety services, community amenities and recreation, urban accessibility and mobility, and modern connectivity, and commercial hubs. Each factor represents essential aspects of urban infrastructure that significantly influence the quality of life and well-being of Bangkok's residents. Additionally, two latent factors of SDGs were identified: human well-being and resilient infrastructure, and equality of social and environment. These factors demonstrate varying degrees of infrastructure's impact on goal attainment. This research contributes to the ongoing dialogue on sustainable urban development and offers valuable insights to inform targeted strategies and policies, ultimately benefiting the citizens of Bangkok and beyond.