Changing Energy Dynamics in the Baltic Sea Region

The Baltic Sea Region (BSR) has been a strategically important region due to its geographical position and economic potential. The end of the Cold War and EU expansion allowed countries in the region to cooperate in many fields, including energy. Since the region includes major energy producers and consumers, significant efforts were made to establish cooperative mechanisms in the energy sector, including the Nord Stream pipelines. Efforts have been made to create more integrated gas and electricity systems to improve efficiency and address environmental and climate concerns. However, the landscape of energy cooperation has undergone a significant shift due to the Russia-Ukraine war. The chapter first examines the energy profiles of the BSR countries. Following this, it delves into the various measures implemented to enhance energy cooperation in the region, which includes projects like the Nord Stream pipelines. Lastly, the chapter discusses the altered energy dynamics and policy initiatives that have emerged in response to the Ukraine war.