Celluloses and hemicelluloses are the most abundant natural polymers present in our natural environment. Cellulose is a polymer that is being used for several important applications like paper, apparel, composites, and other materials. Hemicelluloses also find uses in applications like the production of specialty chemicals and sugars. Extraction of celluloses from natural resources like trees, agricultural waste, bamboo, etc., comprises a process where lignin and hemicelluloses are separated and cellulose is purified as per the need. This process generates waste streams that have dissolved hemicelluloses. In the present time, most of the processes do not use this stream for a useful purpose; it is rather burned or goes to effluent. Today, good technological solutions exist to use this waste stream and the separation of hemicelluloses which can then be used for value addition. Extensive research is being conducted to examine the efficiency of ultrafiltration membranes in separating hemicelluloses from a strongly alkaline cellulose filtration solvent stream originating from various chemical processes. Depth studies are reported on understanding membrane behaviour, separation efficiency, system robustness, economy of the process, drawbacks, and possible optimum solutions. Several problems were highlighted regarding the use of ultrafiltration polymeric membranes, which were found to be prone to performance deterioration with time due to fouling. Similarly, nanofiltration membranes worked well concerning fouling but needed much higher filtration feed pressure. The use of ceramic membranes offers an interesting opportunity as these are very robust and are not affected by the highly alkaline chemical nature of the waste stream and can sustain a good flux for a longer operating cycle. The investigations have shown that the usage of ceramic membranes does not negatively affect the retention of hemicelluloses. However, it does lead to a large increase in permeate flux. This chapter presents a comparative analysis of various membranes to determine the most cost-effective approach for separating hemicelluloses from alkaline waste streams.