The core of the environmental problem is due to wastewater discharged from domestic and industrial sectors. The biosorption process is characterized by high selectivity and efficiency in terms of performance and cost. Preparation of biosorbents from different waste materials like sugarcane bagasse, algal biomass, fruit peels of Trewia nudiflora, Lagerostroemia speciosa, etc. along with their capability in the treatment and removal of organic contaminants, heavy metals, pathogens, etc. have been discussed in this chapter. It also features the under laying process of biosorption and highlights the role of different parameters like pH, biosorbent dose, concentration of feed, temperature, sorption isotherms, thermodynamics, etc. The chapter covers a wide range of wastewater from different sectors viz. domestic including grey water, sewage water and kitchen-sink water and industrial including leather, textile, and sulphur dye effluents and pharmaceutical wastewater. The book chapter is basically designed to provide an understanding of the problem and deliver a single-step treatment including the reuse of treated water thereby providing a complete solution. It will be beneficial to environmentalists, academicians, industrialists and those aiming for zero waste discharge.