Anatomy of Neonatal Chest and Mediastinum in Relation to Thoracoscopy and Esophageal Atresia

The neonatal chest and mediastinum are complex body cavities. Approaching the critical structures in the mediastinum via thoracoscopy is difficult and requires a clear understanding of anatomy. Understanding the surface anatomy and the characteristics of a neonatal thorax will help the minimal-access surgeon place the ports precisely, get good ergonomics, and maximize mechanical advantage. The current literature lacks in descriptions specific to esophageal atresia surgery and thoracoscopy. This chapter presents the general anatomical features of a neonatal rib cage. It also describes the surface anatomy in the surgical position, which helps to visualize the location of the fistula and the pouches. Knowing the surface anatomy helps to eliminate the size scare of a small neonate, which is the biggest deterrent for a beginner surgeon.