Design of an Electric Vehicles’ Energy Baseline Map and Application for Energy Consumption Analysis

In this article, we demonstrate that an “Energy Baseline Map” (EBM) of electric vehicles (EVs), created using Virtual Constant Velocity Running (VCVR), exhibits high accuracy across various locations. The VCVR-EBM is a map illustrating the mandatory energy consumption, which varies according to the speed zone and slope on a road, assuming an ideal condition where the vehicle can maintain a constant cruising speed. We also present an application using VCVR-EBM for analyzing EV energy consumption and provide some useful examples based on this system. Additionally, we collected real-world data from various roads, including highways and mountainous local roads in Japan, and compared them with the VCVR-EBM to verify its accuracy-all of which achieved good results. Furthermore, we showed how the VCVR-EBM can be utilized for analysis of EV acceleration methods, route selection for travel, and charging planning for long-distance trips.