Tumor Lysis Syndrome

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an urgent medical condition due to break down of tumor cells, frequently triggered by the treatment of cancer, particularly hematologic malignancies like Burkitt lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This chapter explores the intricate pathophysiology, risk factors, and comprehensive management strategies for TLS, emphasizing the critical care setting. By dissecting the processes leading to cellular breakdown during cancer therapy, the chapter highlights the resultant metabolic disturbances such as hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia. It also details a protocolized approach for the prevention and management of TLS, integrating hydration, medication, and dialysis interventions tailored to mitigate the severe complications of this condition. This comprehensive guide serves as an essential resource for clinicians aiming to enhance patient outcomes in oncological emergencies.