Leukostasis: A Comprehensive Overview

Leukostasis, a life-threatening complication predominantly seen in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), demands prompt recognition and intervention. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of leukostasis, focusing on its pathophysiological underpinnings, clinical manifestation, and current treatment paradigms. It delves into the complex interplay between high leukocyte counts and circulatory disturbances, which are hallmarks of this condition. The clinical presentation of leukostasis, characterized by respiratory distress, neurological deficits, and other organ-specific symptoms, is thoroughly examined. Emphasizing evidence-based practices, the chapter discusses the latest diagnostic criteria and state-of-the-art therapeutic strategies, including leukapheresis and cytoreductive therapies. It also outlines the prognostic implications and potential complications arising from delayed or inadequate treatment. This chapter aims to equip healthcare professionals, especially those in hematology and critical care, with the necessary knowledge to effectively diagnose and manage leukostasis, thereby improving patient outcomes. By highlighting key clinical studies and emerging research, it serves as an essential resource for medical residents and practitioners, enhancing their understanding of this critical aspect of leukemia care.